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Todd M. Compton, Victim of the Muses: Poet as Scapegoat, Warrior and Hero in Greco-Roman and Indo-European Myth and History
Preface
Abbreviations
Part I. Greece. 1. The Pharmakos in Archaic Greece
Part I. Greece. 2. Aesop: Satirist as Pharmakos in Archaic Greece
Part I. Greece. 3. Archilochus: Sacred Obscenity and Judgment
Part I. Greece. 4. Hipponax: Creating the Pharmakos
Part I. Greece. 5. Homer: The Trial of the Rhapsode
Part I. Greece. 6. Hesiod: Consecrate Murder
Part I. Greece. 7. Shadows of Hesiod: Divine Protection and Lonely Death
Part I. Greece. 8. Sappho: The Barbed Rose
Part I. Greece. 9. Alcaeus: Poetry, Politics, Exile
Part I. Greece. 10. Theognis: Faceless Exile
Part I. Greece. 11. Tyrtaeus: The Lame General
Part I. Greece. 12. Aeschylus: Little Ugly One
Part I. Greece. 13. Euripides: Sparagmos of an Iconoclast
Part I. Greece. 14. Aristophanes: Satirist versus Politician
Part I. Greece. 15. Socrates: The New Aesop
Part I. Greece. 16. Victim of the Muses: Mythical Poets
Part II. Indo-European Context. 17. Kissing the Leper: The Excluded Poet in Irish Myth
Part II. Indo-European Context. 18. The Stakes of the Poet: Starkaðr/Suibhne
Part II. Indo-European Context. 19. The Sacrificed Poet: Germanic Myths
Part III. Rome. 20. “Wounded by Tooth that Drew Blood”: The Beginnings of Satire in Rome
Part III. Rome. 21. Naevius: Dabunt malum Metelli Naevio poetae
Part III. Rome. 22. Cicero Maledicus, Cicero Exul
Part III. Rome. 23. Ovid: Practicing the Studium Fatale
Part III. Rome. 24. Phaedrus: Another Fabulist
Part III. Rome. 25. Seneca, Petronius, and Lucan: Neronian Victims
Part III. Rome. 26. Juvenal: The Burning Poet
Part IV. Conclusions. 27. Transformations of Myth: The Poet, Society, and the Sacred
Part IV. Conclusions. Epilogue
Appendix A: Poetry, Aggression, Ritual
Appendix B. Aggression and the Defensive Topos; Archilochus, Callimachus, Horace
Appendix C: Themes
Bibliography
Appendix C: Themes
Pharmakos themes
1. Ritual pollution.
- 1a. Crime of hero. Pharmakos. Aesop (imputed). Archilochus (imputed). Hesiod (imputed or actual). Socrates (imputed).
- 1a1. Criminal impiety. Aesop. Socrates (imputed)
- 1a1a. Theft of sacred things. Pharmakos. Aesop (imputed).
- 1a1b. Parricide. Oedipus.
- 1a1c. Incest. Oedipus.
- 1b. Crime against hero. Androgeus, Aesop. Archilochus. Hesiod. Socrates. Homer.
- 1b1. Inhospitality. Androgeus. Aesop. Hesiod. Homer.
- 1b2. Murder. Androgeus. Aesop. Hesiod. Ibycus. Stesichorus.
- 1b3. Deceit.
- 1b3a. False accusation. Aesop. Hesiod. Socrates.
- 1b3b. Ambush. Androgeus. Hesiod.
2. Communal disaster.
- 2a. Communal disaster causes hero’s expulsion or death, e.g. “plague of shame.” Androgeus. Aesop (at Samos). Oedipus.
- 2a1. Plague. Oedipus.
- 2a2. Famine. Oedipus.
- 2a3. War. Aesop (Samos). Aglauros. Codrus. Tyrtaeus.
- 2a4. Psychological plague (“plague of shame,” destructive verbalizing). Aesop. Archilochus. Socrates.
- 2b1. Plague. Aesop. Archilochus. Hesiod.
- 2b2. Famine.
- 2b3. War. Aesop.
3. Oracle, often prescribing remedy for disaster. Androgeus. Aesop. Archilochus. Hesiod
4. The Worst. Ritual pharmakos. Cf. Codrus in disguise.
- 4a. Poverty. Archilochus. Homer. Tyrtaeus.
- 4a1. Beggar. Homer.
- 4a2. Poor or scanty food. Hipponax.
- 4b. Slave. Aesop. Archilochus (slave parentage). Phaedrus.
- 4c. Criminal (see 1a–1b above). Aesop (imputed). Hesiod (imputed).
- 4d. Ugly/deformed. Aesop. Hipponax. Sappho. Simonides. Tyrtaeus. Aeschylus. Euripides. Socrates. Marsyas. Thersites.
- 4e. Foreigner. Androgeus. Aesop. Hesiod.
- 4f. Poison imagery. Archilochus. Hipponax. Socrates.
- 4g. Animalistic. Aesop. Socrates. Marsyas.
5. The Best.
- 5a. Sacred. See 23. Aesop. Archilochus. Sappho. Hesiod. Homer. Socrates.
- 5b. Salvation, salvation imagery. Aesop (Samos).
- 5c. Victorious. Androgeus. Aesop (in riddle contest). Hesiod (in riddle/poetry contest). Tyrtaeus (in war).
- 5d. Athlete. Androgeus.
- 5e. Royal. Androgeus. Codrus. Aglauros.
- 5f. Wisest. Aesop. Archilochus. Socrates.
6. Peripety. Androgeus. Codrus. Aesop. Socrates. Oedipus.
7. Trial, unjust. Adverse judgment by public meeting. Aesop. Archilochus. Homer. Aeschylus. Euripides. Socrates. Marsyas.
8. Voluntary (exile or death).
- 8a. Ambivalent volition. Aesop. Socrates. Cicero.
9. Procession. Aesop?
- 9a. Blows. Pharmakos. Hipponax.
10. Expulsion.
- 10a. Exile. Archilochus. Hipponax. Homer. Sappho. Alcaeus. Theognis. Aeschylus. (Euripides?) Naevius. Cicero. Ovid. (Phaedrus?) Juvenal.
- 10b. Death in distant country. Aesop. Hesiod. Ibycus. Homer. Theognis? Euripides.
11. Death (cf. 1f). Aesop. Hesiod. Seneca. Petronius. Lucan.
- 11a. Stoning. Pharmakos. Aesop. Hipponax. Aristophanes (theme in poetry).
- 11b. Thrown from cliff. Pharmakos. Aesop. Sappho. (Oedipus.)
- 11c. Poisoning. Socrates.
- 11d. By sword or knife. Androgeus. Hesiod. Cicero.
- 11e. Hanging. Charila. Iambe. See vitae of Archilochus and Hesiod.
- 11f. Unjust. Androgeus. Aesop. Hesiod.
12. Sacrifice. Aesop.
- 12a. Death at a cult site. Aesop. Sappho. Homer. Hesiod. Aeschylus. Euripides. Orpheus.
13. Hero cult. Androgeus. Codrus. Aglauros. Aesop. Archilochus. Hesiod. Homer. Sappho. Theognis? Tyrtaeus? Aeschylus. Euripides. Socrates. Orpheus.
- 13a. Immortality of hero. Aesop (cf. 23d).
- 13b. Bones transfer. Hesiod.
- 13c. Tomb struck by lightning. Euripides.
Legendary scapegoat themes
14. Royal. Euripides. See 5e.
15. Youth, virgin, as scapegoat. Aglauros. Euripides.
16. Evil eye. Polykrite. Aesop.
17. Fatal, saving gift. Codrus. Polykrite. Aesop. Socrates. Cf. 4f.
18. Divine persecutor-patron. Aesop. Homer. Hesiod. Socrates. Ovid. Marsyas. Thamyris.
Athlete–hero, related to above themes (see 5c–d)
19. Madness of hero. Sappho. Tyrtaeus. Aeschylus. Heracles.
20. Murderer. (See 1a3, 1b2.)
21. Imprisonment. Aesop. Socrates. Naevius. Phaedrus?
Themes of Poets, related to above themes
22. Blame poet as hero/poetry/satirical themes. (See 1a4, 2a4.) Aesop. Archilochus. Hipponax. Sappho. Alcaeus. Theognis. Euripides. Aristophanes. Socrates. Callimachus. Naevius. Cicero. Ovid. Phaedrus. Juvenal.
- 22a. Killing through blame. Aesop. Archilochus. Hipponax. Callimachus.
- 22a1. Hanging. Archilochus. Hipponax. Hesiod. Alcaeus.
- 22b. Exiling through blame. Alcaeus. Demosthenes. Cicero.
- 22c. Animal fables used for blame. Aesop. Archilochus. Hesiod. Socrates. Phaedrus.
- 22d. Artist satirizing artist. Hipponax. Sappho. Aristophanes. Callimachus.
- 22e. Curse as theme. Aesop. Archilochus. Hipponax. Homer. (Sappho.) Alcaeus. Theognis. Aristophanes. Socrates. Callimachus. Ovid. Horace.
- 22f. Defensive topos. Archilochus. Hipponax. Alcaeus. Callimachus. Horace.
23. Poet is sacred, superhuman. (see 5a above)
- 23a. Consecration of poet (often by theophany, with physical gift). Aesop. Archilochus. Hipponax? Homer. Hesiod. Stesichorus. Aeschylus. Callimachus. Socrates. Naevius. Marsyas.
- 23b. Association with Muses. Aesop. Archilochus. Hesiod. Homer.
- 23c. Animal helper. Hesiod. Arion. Ibycus.
- 23d. Resurrection. Androgeus. Oedipus. Aesop. Hesiod. Epimenides.
- 23e. Immortality through poetry. (Cf. 13a.) Archilochus. Sappho. Homer. Naevius.
24. Conflict with political leaders. Aesop. Archilochus. Hipponax. Homer. Hesiod. Alcaeus. Theognis. Euripides. Aristophanes. Socrates. Naevius. Cicero. Ovid. Juvenal.
25. Agōn , contest. (See 5c, victorious; 7, trial, unjust.)
- 25a. Riddle-poetry contest. Oedipus. Aesop. Homer. Hesiod. Aeschylus.
- 25b. Music contest. Marsyas. Thamyris. Pan.
- 25c. Poetry or drama contest. Aeschylus.
26. Poet as soldier. (See 2a and 2b.) Aesop. Archilochus. Alcaeus. Theognis. Tyrtaeus. Aeschylus. Socrates. Naevius. (Achilles, Heracles: soldier as poet.)
- 26a. Martial paraenesis as poetic theme. Archilochus. Alcaeus. Theognis. Tyrtaeus. Solon.
27. Exile as poetic theme. (Archilochus.) (Hesiod.) Alcaeus. Theognis. Cicero. Ovid. Seneca.
28. Wolf imagery, linked to exile. Hero. Alcaeus.